Archive defaults
Under Titles & Meta, date archives are kept out of search results by default, and so are author archives on a site one person writes, where the author archive is the blog again. A site with several authors keeps author archives indexable. Either default can be switched; a saved setting always wins, so a site that already chose keeps its choice.
Changing them
Each is a No index switch under SEO → Titles & Meta, on the Date archives and Author archives groups. The defaults only apply until the switch is saved: a site that already chose keeps its choice, and switching one on or off is never undone by the default.
Pages kept out of search results are also left out of the sitemap.